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Paying particular attention to how politicians and bureaucrats in the two countries deal with the scientific uncertainty that pervades environmental decision making, Harrison and Hoberg analyse case studies of seven controversial substances suspected of causing cancer in humans: the pesticides Alar and alachlor, urea-formaldehyde foam insulation, radon gas, dioxin, saccharin, and asbestos. They weigh the strengths and weaknesses of each country's approach according to five criteria: stringency and timeliness of the regulatory decision, balancing of risks and benefits by decision makers, opportunities for public participation, and the interpretation of science in regulatory decision making. The Canadian approach is exemplified by closed decision making, case-by-case review that relies heavily on expert judgement, and limited public debate about the scientific basis of regulatory decisions. In contrast, regulatory science in the United States is characterized by publication of lengthy rationales for regulatory decisions, reliance on standardized procedures for risk assessment, and controversy surrounding the interpretation of scientific evidence.

Environmental policy --- Hazardous substances --- UNSPECIFIED --- Health Policy --- Hazardous Substances --- Public Policy --- Environmental Pollutants --- Toxic Actions --- Social Control Policies --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Social Control, Formal --- Policy --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Social Sciences --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Sociology --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Health Care --- Law, General & Comparative --- Law, Politics & Government --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- General Social Development and Population --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- Policies --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Control Policies, Social --- Control Policy, Social --- Policies, Social Control --- Policy, Social Control --- Social Control Policy --- Environmental Pollutants, Noxae, and Pesticides --- Toxic Action --- Action, Toxic --- Actions, Toxic --- Pollutants --- Pollutants, Environmental --- Environmental Pollutant --- Pollutant --- Pollutant, Environmental --- Radiation Exposure --- Environmental Exposure --- Environmental Pollution --- Affirmative Action --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Action, Affirmative --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Policy Making --- Biohazards --- Chemicals, Hazardous --- Environmental Substances, Toxic --- Toxic Environmental Substances --- Biohazard --- Hazardous Chemical --- Hazardous Chemicals --- Hazardous Material --- Hazardous Materials --- Hazardous Substance --- Toxic Environmental Substance --- Toxic Substances, Environmental --- Chemical, Hazardous --- Environmental Substance, Toxic --- Environmental Toxic Substances --- Material, Hazardous --- Materials, Hazardous --- Substance, Hazardous --- Substance, Toxic Environmental --- Substances, Environmental Toxic --- Substances, Hazardous --- Substances, Toxic Environmental --- Healthcare Policy --- National Health Policy --- Health Policies --- Health Policy, National --- Healthcare Policies --- National Health Policies --- Policy, Health --- Policy, Healthcare --- Policy, National Health --- Dangerous chemicals --- Dangerous goods --- Dangerous materials --- Dangerous substances --- Hazardous chemicals --- Hazardous goods --- Hazardous materials --- Hazmats --- Chemicals --- Materials --- Law and legislation --- Health Care Policies --- Care Policies, Health --- Health Care Policy --- Policies, Health --- Policies, Health Care --- Policies, Healthcare --- Policy, Health Care --- Drug Therapy --- Therapy, Drug --- Chemotherapy --- Pharmacotherapy --- Chemotherapies --- Drug Therapies --- Pharmacotherapies --- Therapies, Drug --- Disease --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Pharmacologic Actions --- drug therapy --- therapeutic use

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Health care reform --- Right to health --- Delivery of Health Care --- Health Care Reform --- Health Services Accessibility --- Reference Standards --- Federal Government --- Health Care Rationing --- International Cooperation --- Social Justice --- Resource Allocation --- Public Policy --- Ethics --- Financial Support --- Human Rights --- Economics --- Health --- Internationality --- Social Responsibility --- Moral Obligations --- Social Welfare --- Government --- Insurance, Health --- Social Control, Formal --- Insurance --- Morals --- Social Control Policies --- Weights and Measures --- Social Sciences --- Health Policy --- Health Planning --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Principle-Based Ethics --- Humanities --- Sociology --- Population Characteristics --- Philosophy --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Patient Care Management --- Organizations --- Health Services Administration --- Policy --- Psychology, Social --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Health Care --- Financing, Organized --- Investigative Techniques --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Indemnity --- Insurance Premiums --- Insurance Premium --- Premium, Insurance --- Premiums, Insurance --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Egoism --- Ethical Issues --- Metaethics --- Moral Policy --- Natural Law --- Situational Ethics --- Ethical Issue --- Ethics, Situational --- Issue, Ethical --- Issues, Ethical --- Law, Natural --- Laws, Natural --- Moral Policies --- Natural Laws --- Policies, Moral --- Policy, Moral --- Censorship, Research --- Affirmative Action --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Action, Affirmative --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Policy Making --- Allocation of Resources --- Allocative Efficiency --- Allocation, Resource --- Allocations, Resource --- Efficiency, Allocative --- Resource Allocations --- Resources Allocation --- Healthcare Rationing --- Rationing, Health Care --- Rationing, Healthcare --- Health Resources --- Patient Selection --- National Government --- Government, Federal --- Preparations, Standard --- Standardization --- Standards --- Standard Preparations --- Standards, Reference --- Preparation, Standard --- Reference Standard --- Standard Preparation --- Standard, Reference --- Quality Control --- Group Health Insurance --- Health Insurance --- Health Insurance, Voluntary --- Health Insurance, Group --- Insurance, Group Health --- Insurance, Voluntary Health 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Perspectives --- International Relations --- Multinational Aspects --- Multinational Perspectives --- Aspect, International --- Aspect, Multinational --- Aspects, International --- Aspects, Multinational --- International Aspect --- International Perspective --- Multinational Aspect --- Multinational Perspective --- Perspective, International --- Perspective, Multinational --- Perspectives, International --- Perspectives, Multinational --- Relations, International --- International Law --- Psychology, Perceptual --- Social Psychology --- Perceptual Psychology --- Policies --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- Non-Governmental Organizations --- Nongovernmental Organizations --- Organizations, Nongovernmental --- Non Governmental Organizations --- Non-Governmental Organization --- Nongovernmental Organization --- Organization --- Organization, Non-Governmental --- Organization, Nongovernmental --- Organizations, Non-Governmental --- Care Management, Patient --- Management, Patient Care --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- General Social Development and Population --- Accessibility, Health Services --- Contraceptive Availability --- Health Services Geographic Accessibility --- Program Accessibility --- Access To Medicines --- Access to Contraception --- Access to Health Care --- Access to Health Services --- Access to Medications --- Access to Therapy --- Access to Treatment --- Accessibility of Health Services --- Availability of Health Services --- Contraception Access --- Contraceptive Access --- Medication Access --- Access To Medicine --- Access to Contraceptions --- Access to Medication --- Access to Therapies --- Access to Treatments --- Access, Contraception --- Access, Contraceptive --- Access, Medication --- Accessibility, Program --- Availability, Contraceptive --- Contraception, Access to --- Contraceptive Accesses --- Health Services Availability --- Medication Accesses --- Medication, Access to --- Therapy, Access to --- Treatment, Access to --- Medically Underserved Area --- Pharmacy Philosophy --- Philosophical Overview --- Hedonism --- Stoicism --- Overview, Philosophical --- Overviews, Philosophical --- Pharmacy Philosophies --- Philosophical Overviews --- Philosophies --- Philosophies, Pharmacy --- Philosophy, Pharmacy --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Principlism --- Ethic, Principle-Based --- Ethics, Principle-Based --- Principle Based Ethics --- Principle-Based Ethic --- Ethical Theory --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- PL93-641 --- Public Law 93-641 --- Health and Welfare Planning --- National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 --- Planning, Health and Welfare --- State Health Planning, United States --- Planning, Health --- Public Law 93 641 --- Planning Techniques --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Community Financing --- Grants --- Organized Financing --- Financing, Community --- Grant --- Healthcare Policy --- National Health Policy --- Health Policies --- Health Policy, National --- Healthcare Policies --- National Health Policies --- Policy, Health --- Policy, Healthcare --- Policy, National Health --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Measures --- Scales --- Weights --- Measure --- Measures and Weights --- Control Policies, Social --- Control Policy, Social --- Policies, 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Rights --- Right to Housing and Shelter --- Rights of Indigenous Peoples --- Human Rights, Collective --- Indigenous Peoples Rights --- Rights, Collective Human --- Rights, Equal --- Rights, Linguistic --- Human Rights Abuses --- Financial Supports --- Support, Financial --- Supports, Financial --- Gift Giving --- Common Good --- Justice --- Obligations of Society --- Good, Common --- Justice, Social --- Healthcare Reform --- Health Care Reforms --- Healthcare Reforms --- Reform, Health Care --- Reform, Healthcare --- Reforms, Health Care --- Reforms, Healthcare --- Treaties --- Foreign Aid --- Aid, Foreign --- Cooperation, International --- Treaty --- trends --- organization & administration --- United States --- Access To Care, Health --- Access to Care --- Access to Medicines --- Access to Cares --- Access to Medicine --- Care, Access to --- Cares, Access to --- Medicine, Access to --- Medicines, Access to --- Accessibilities, Health Services --- Health Care Policies --- Care Policies, Health --- Health Care Policy --- Policies, Health --- Policies, Health Care --- Policies, Healthcare --- Policy, Health Care --- Psychiatry